history of Mr. Biggs Restaurant from 1986-2006

history of Mr. Biggs Restaurant from 1986-2006 Free Online Research Papers Mr Biggs a division of U.A.C Nigeria Plc which is regarded as one of Nigeria’s fastest growing Quick Service Restaurants. It was founded in 1986 and since then, has played pace setting role in Restaurants Services. This work tries to critically examines the Origin, Vision and Contributions of Mr Biggs to the economy of Nigeria and also Lagos state where most of its outlets are situated. Thus, this research would also shed more light on the growth and expansion rate of Mr Biggs and its influence in the fast food industry in Lagos. Statements of Research Problem The increase in population in Lagos and the need for Quick meals {fast food} has Mr Biggs been able to meet with the demands of its customers? Or being regarded as one of the pioneers of Quick Service Restaurants in Lagos. What has been the role of Mr Biggs? Hence with the need of expansion and recent experience of explosion. Has Mr Biggs been able to maintain its standards? In addition, with the emergence of other Quick Service Restaurants in Lagos, how has Mr Biggs an already established brand survived and coped. Thus, as a brand of U.A.C, what is the targets, aim and has it measured up to standard. Significance of Study This work will reveal and examine, the origin, mission and will also lay emphasis on the critical analysis of the contribution and acceptance of Mr Bigg’s in Lagos and its environs i.e. Nigeria at large. It would serve as a manuscript for a wide range of audience particularly students, caterers, food technologist, investors, industrialist and the general public. Scope of study Invariably, this research work will cover the history of Mr Bigg’s from 1986-2006 a period of twenty years. And this would include examining the impact, role and challenges and also most importantly their contribution to Lagos and also the developmental process of Mr Biggs. Methodology This work will make use of both primary and secondary sources that would enhance a comprehensive and explanatory history of Mr Biggs. It would involve personal interviews, books, journals and research works. Chapterization Introduction Proposal and literature review Chapter 1 Origin of the United African Company (UAC) and the evolution of Mr Bigg’s (1879-1986) Chapter 2 Growth and development of Mr Bigg’s in the past twenty years (1986-2006). Chapter 3 The Nigerian business environment and the Mr Bigg’s experience LITERATURE REVIEW Food business in Nigeria and every other country or nation is very important. Food is the survival (agriculture) of a nation. It is very important in the economic growth and development of a nation or a country. Agriculture which is the foundation of food business brings it i.e. food products closer to the people living in the urban or metropolitan area who cannot engage in farming, not only that food business makes it easier for people who leave their home early for work to get what to eat from a fast-food or an eatery. Though no work has been written on Mr. Biggs. And Mr. Biggs which is into food business has no existing books on it as said earlier but there are related books on food. Some of these books are reviewed: F.A Paine, H.Y. Paine(ed) in the book titled, A Handbook of packaging. The author attempts to discuss how food should be packaged to improve packaging. Food packaging brings about durability. The book is written for food technologist wishing to understand more about the aspects of packaging technology that is relevant to the preserving, distribution and marketing of a particular food or product. Food packaging has been described as a complex, dynamic, scientific and controversial segments of business. But is best described as a techno-economic function aimed at minimizing cost of delivery while maximizing sales (and hence profit). The need for packaging is necessary for every kind of food both fresh and processed. Containment, protection and preservation, communication, machinability and convenience and use are very important in food packaging. David Foskett, Victor Caserani and Ronald Kinton in the book titled, The Theory of Catering. The book is designed to meet the needs of those training for involved in the catering industry. Catering is divided into various aspects namely Commercial catering, Public Sector catering. This book provides an insight on the various ways or aspect of catering which involved food business. Catering in Mr. Biggs is different from that of motels or hotels. Betty .C.Hobbes, Diane Roberts in the book, Food Poisoning and Food Hygiene. The aim of the book is to bring facts about the causes of food poisoning and other food-borne disease to the attention of those concerned with food microbiology and food hygiene on order to improve preventive measures. It is aimed to interest those requiring. a more practical and general knowledge of the relevant organism in relation to food and its preparation. This book also gives example of food poisoning outbreak, and also include aspects of Epidemiology and microbiology specification a chapter on spoilage and preservation also in personal hygiene. Mr. Biggs has to take this in to consideration since they are dealing with the entire public as a whole and will not want anything that will tarnish their name and products and also affects the health of their customers. Dennis Lillicrap, John Cousins and Robert Smith in the book Food and Beverage Service. The book is aimed to cover the basic knowledge necessary for those involved at a variety of levels of food and beverage system. Food and Beverages is not an end in itself but part of the business of hotel and catering operations. Its engagement in the hospitality industry is concerned with the provisions of food and drink ready for immediate consumption. Food and Beverages is concerned with the market served by the various sectors of the industry and consumers needs. This book did not talk about food production and a business i.e. fast-food but all it is concerned with is what is been sent to the market. Barbara Burlingame in her article titled food processing and the fate of food components. In this article it shows the process that food undergoes in one way or the other affects the nutrients in either positive or negative way. Safety of food is affected by processing for better as is the case with reducing cyanogens in cassava and affects food for worse as in the case of iron and freeze-thaw cycles in fish. This work seeks greater insight into the fate of food components in our processed food supply and will not affect our health. Shailesh Kumar, Bill Aalbersberg in the article, Nutrient Retention in Food after Earth-Oven Cooking compared to other forms of domestic cooking. This article deals with how nutrients are lost or retained in foods. Nutrient retention food is determined in the methods of cooking favorable best but that greater vitamins are more retained in microwave cooked foods. Also that nutrients can be retained in slightly low heated foods and also length of cooking determine nutrients in food. Since difference in the retention of vitamins in food is cooked by different methods is very distinctive, it provides a fair view of a more favorable cooking method. Here it shows that microwave cooking is more desirable than earth- oven cooking as it retains more nutrients and vitamins. Alvardo Toledo, Barbara Burlingame in the article, Biodiversity and Nutrition: A common path towards global food security and sustainable development. Food composition provides an important link for biodiversity and nutrition. The aim is to promote sustainable use of biodiversity in programme contributing to food security and human nutrition .Biodiversity managements plays a significant role against malnutrition. Heli Reinovvo, Heikki Pakkala in an article Food Composition On The World Wide Web:A User-centered perspective. The World Wide Web is widely used for presenting food composition data the web appears to be a suitable forum for presenting food composition information to the nutrients . It is also important that the site contain search terms that users feel natural ,including commonly used food names. In final analysis ,these books and journals are of immense importance to these research work. The work includes or involve both secondary and primary sources. The authors though through their methodology and style have provided what is needed for this work. These work would show how food are been packaged so as to enhance marketing and sales and so also is catering for the kind of foods so as not to loose their nutrients and vitamins. Also is being aware and keeping from food poisoning and contamination which could endanger the health of the entire public(customer). With these books above, I will be able to write on food business which Mr. Biggs is involved. CHAPTER 1 ORIGIN OF UNITED AFRICAN COMPANY (UAC) AND THE EVOLUTION OF MR BIGGS (1879-1986) The various arguments concerning the morality of colonialism has often been a basis for argument among both Eurocentric and Afro centric scholars. For instance Walter Rodney in his book How Europe Underdeveloped Africa was simply concerned with â€Å"how Europe underdeveloped Africa†. â€Å"The only positive development in colonialism† Rodney writes â€Å"was when it ended.1 Such simple moral judgements clearly shows Rodney’s polemical purposes. African colonialism has been replaced by subtler though equally pervasive mechanism for exploitation, which are beyond the scope of Rodney’s study. The central question should henceforth not be on the justification of colonialism whether it was good or bad, but and understanding of the processes of change, that have occurred owing to European penetration. Consequently, it is the aim of this work to advance an understanding of the process of change that led to the formation of Mr Biggs a leading confectionary in Nigeria which with it origin properly dated, it predates the Nigerian state itself. It explores the factors for growth and expansion and also the impact and challenges of the company considering the epileptic and unfriendly state of the Nigerian business environment. The history of Mr Biggs would not be properly understood if the history of United African Company of Nigeria – the mother company of Mr Biggs, is not exhaustively examined. United African Company (UAC) of Nigeria Plc has a rich and varied history of successful enterprise that pre-dates the geographical entity called Nigeria. The rumps of the Companys early days can be traced to the activities of European traders and commercial activities. The Company has evolved through a series of mergers and acquisitions and restructurings as the various entrepreneurs sought to enthrone profitable and enduring enterprises. One of the most significant developments in the companys history was the setting up of the Royal Niger Company, which was chartered between 1672 and 1750 to administer the territory that would later become Nigeria.2 In 1879, the United African Company was found following the merger of four Companies trading up the River Niger: Alexander Miller Brother Company, Central African Trading Company Limited; West African Company Limited and James Pinnock.3 Following the intense rivalry among the European nations in the 1880s, The National African Company Limited was floated to take over the assets of The United African Company. In 1886, The National African Company Limited was Chartered Limited when the British Government issued it a Charter after the Berlin Conference. The logo of the Royal Niger Company was a device with three arms symbolizing the main waterways of the territory; on each arm was a single short word: ARS, JUS, PAX4 PAX stood for â€Å"peace and order† which the Company evolved to stem the â€Å"anarchy and barbarism of the Niger Territories † and safeguard the â€Å"numerous British and French trading interests in the Niger, which unity of action was an absolutely necessary antecedent to successful trade†¦.†5 ARS refers to the skill in trade and liberal arts, which practical benefit European civilization brought to the millions in Central Africa. The subjective aspect is ingenuity commercial and political without which Unity and Equity would have failed.6 JUS is the actual law and legal rights established by public authority (the Royal Charter), without which peace would be unstable and the progress of commerce and arts hopeless. It represented just conduct and equity a pre-requisite for legitimacy.7 In 1889, the merger of eight firms that were operating in the Oil Rivers area incorporated The African Association. In 1892, The Royal Niger Company brought in Captain Lugard (later to be known as Lord Lugard) to help protect its interest in Nigeria. Lord Lugard would later become the first Governor-General of Nigeria. Following the revocation of the charter, Royal Niger Company changed its Company name to The Niger Company Limited in 1900.8 In 1919, Lever Brothers Limited bought The Niger Company Limited. That same year, The Miller Brothers Limited and the African Association united to form the African Eastern Trade Corporation. On March 3, 1929, The United Africa Company was formed by the joint agreements of The African Eastern Trade Corporation and the Niger Company (Owned by Lever Brothers Limited).9 UAC was first incorporated in Lagos, Nigeria under the name Nigerian Motors Ltd on April 22, 1931 as a wholly owned subsidiary of the United Africa Company Ltd. (a subsidiary of Unilever), which later became UAC International. The Companys name was changed to United Africa Company (Nigeria) Ltd on 23rd July 1943. It became The United Africa Company of Nigeria Ltd on 1st February 1955 and started acquiring, over a period of five years, a large part of the business of UACI. In 1960 C.W.A. Holdings Ltd, England also a subsidiary of Unilever, acquired UACIs interest in the company.10 The name was changed to UAC of Nigeria Limited on 1st March 1973. In compliance with the Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Act 1972, 40 percent of the companys share capital was acquired in 1974 by Nigerian citizens and associations and in accordance with the provisions of the Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Act 1977, an additional 20 percent of the UACs share capital was publicly offered in 1977, increasing Nigerian equity participation to 60 percent.11 The name UAC of Nigeria Plc was adopted in 1991.In 1994, following the divestment of 40% interest in the Company by Unilever PLC; the Company became a wholly owned Nigerian Company. The transformation of UAC from a trading behemoth into a leading manufacturing concern, even though it took root in the 1980s, was given serious impetus in 1990s, following the exit of the company from its trading businesses.12 In early 2000, UAC further embarked on a series of business restructuring with a thorough portfolio review and switch of focus to value-adding operations. This has led to an era of focused growth on the foods, real estate, logistics and automobile sectors.13 UAC has an active foreign investor, Actis, which holds 20% of the Companys equity. Today, UAC has become a Food–focused Conglomerate with leading brands such as Mr Bigg’s, Gala, Grand Oils, Supreme, SWAN Natural Spring Water and Gossy Spring Water. The Companys brand portfolio also includes franchised international food brands such as Nandos, Creamy Inn, Chicken Inn, Pizza Inn and Dial-A-Delivery.14 Mr. Biggs is Nigerias first chain of fast food restaurants. Owned by conglomerate United African Company of Nigeria PLC, there are currently around 170 locations in Nigeria, including the countrys first drive-through restaurant, with another four locations in Ghana. The restaurant is styled after McDonalds, and is known for its red and yellow colour scheme and meat pies. Mr. Biggs history begins with the coffee shops inside Kingsway Department Stores in the 1960s. In 1973, these shops were rebranded as Kingsway Rendezvous, which became Mr. Biggs in 1986. The chain saw rapid expansion after becoming one of the first Nigerian companies to sell franchises to investors.15 Mr. Biggs specialty is the meat pie. A common lunch might also include scotch eggs, a sugared donut, chicken, and a soft drink. While western fare such as hamburgers are served, Nigerian delicacies such as jollof rice and moin moin are more popular. Birthday cakes are also a popular product, and Mr. Biggs bakery offers cakes and pastries. In an interview with Chris Adedipe, a pioneer team member who recalls the early days of Mr Bigg’s highlights, that the whole process started in 1984 and the man that led the team at the time was Mr. Peter Tilbey, a Briton, who was the marketing Manager of {an Electric, which later became Pera Beam.16 A professional caterer, Tilbey looked at fast foods operations around the world. He looked particularly at companies like McDonalds, some of the Unilever companies such as A W of Canada, Nordsee and Hamburger Farm in Germany. Having done market research to find out what Nigerians wanted and then blending it with what he had seen around the world, he was able to come up wit a unique concept which was revolutionary – certainly at that time. It was revolutionary, in terms of the design, equipment and even the calibre of the staff that were used at the time. Tilbey, as described by most that had the opportunity of working with him â€Å"as a man of very great vision†. As was said earlier, he was a professional caterer. He had worked as a pursar (food and beverage manager in a hotel) so he was a pursar on the P O shipping line and operator of luxury cruisers. And most importantly he was a strong marketing person. Like Chris Adedipe would describe him â€Å" as probably one of the best mangers he had had the privilege to work with†. Tilbey according to him was a â€Å"man of very great vision, very meticulous. He was so far-sighted, he was an inspirational leader and when you are working with him you have to be very fast on your feet.17 The pioneer team members of Mr Bigg’s included Peter Tilbey, Fast Foods Manager Kingsway stores Division; Mr J. B. Ifezue, Operations Manager; Janet Imoalame, Marketing Depot Manager; Mr Ayo Ajayi, Merchandise Manager; Mrs Grace Kpolu, Brand Manager; Mrs Sunbo Oyekan; Chris Adedipe, Retail Manager and Peter Anyanwu – Fast Food Accountant.18 In retrospect, the name Mr Bigg’s evolved as with most marketing efforts after a rigorous and gruelling name test. The key task was to get a name that would be unique, impactful and memorable, and in some way linked to UAC, which was the largest conglomerate in the country. After so many eliminations, Mr Bigg’s was picked from the pack. The pioneers who gave it such a name were rather not gender sensitive or rather the societal norm – that men are always at the apex of family structure must have beclouded their judgement. But then women were part of the pioneers who adopted the name, why then Mr Bigg’s. Mrs Sunbo Oyekan reiterated her experience that the marketing headache did not stop at the adoption of the name. The next consideration was how would women react to the name? Another round of test ensued. The result was that, there was no negative perception from the women folks.19 The predecessor of Mr Bigg’s, the Kingsway Rendezvous was considered a basic concept in fast foods operations. Besides its on-site cooking, Mr Biggs was a reaction to the growing demand for greater variety in fast food offerings for freshly baked, hot snacks and meals. Unknown to the consumers, the Kingsway Rendezvous’ experiment with burgers and the reaction of the consumers – which was as described by Chuks Anyangbo as â€Å"unbelievable†, convinced the managers that the market was ready for the birth of a new brand.20 At its opening of business to the general public, Mr Bigg’s shocked even it promoters with its possibilities. The customers count easily hit 4000, thus making Mr Biggs on of the top ten fast foods restaurants in the world in terms of customer counts. The pioneer restaurant had 12 cash points with seats for 108 customers at the same time.21 The origin of Mr Bigg’s and the success it has made in the Nigerian business environment is a testimony to the abundance of opportunities in the environment if an entrepreneur can only be determined after being fully aware of the unfriendly nature of the Nigerian business environment. The magnificent feat achieved by Mr Bigg’s must be evident in her growth and development and this is why this work would be examining factors that influenced her growth and development. ENDNOTES: 1. Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, (Abuja: Panaf Publishers, 1973) pp. 60-65. 2. F. K. Buah, West Africa Since AD 1000, (London: Macmillan Press, 1978). pp. 230-235. 3. T.B. Webster, A. A. Boahen and M. Tidy, Revolutionary Years: West Africa Since 1800, (London: Longman Group, 1980). pp.166-177. 4. UAC of Nigeria Plc, 2007 Annual Report and Accounts. pp.5. 5. Ibid. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid, pp. 6. 8. W. E. F. Ward, A History of Africa, (London: George Allen Unwind Ltd, 1966). pp. 235-260. 9. A. E. Alagoa, The Merchant Prince of the Niger Delta, (Enugu: Celphonic Press, 2000). pp. 20-26. 10. S. P. Schatz, Nigerian Capitalism, (London: Princeton Press, 1980). pp. 95-100. 11. A. O. Alake, The Indigenization Policy in Nigeria, (Lagos: Longman Group, 1990). pp. 12-22. 12. UAC of Nigeria Plc, 2007 Annual Report and Accounts. pp.12. 13. UACN, â€Å"UAC Presents Facts Behind the Figure†, Link, Vol. 3. No. 1. (2002). pp. 8-11. 14. UACN, â€Å"Ajayi Speaks on Mr Bigg’s† Link, Vol. 27. No. 1. (2006). pp. 5-7. 15. Ibid. 16. Interview with Mr Chris Adedipe, Company Executive, 45 years, at Company Premises, 15 July 2009. 17. Ibid. 18. UACN, â€Å"Ajayi Speaks on Mr Bigg’s† Link, Vol. 27. No. 1. (2006). pp. 10-12. 19. Interview with Mr Ayo Ajayi, Ex-Company Chairman, 56 Years, after Share Holders Meeting, 17 July 2009. 20. Interview with Mr Chuks Anyangbo, Resident of Marina Lagos, 62 Years, July 17, 2009. 21. Interview with Mr Ayo Ajayi, Ex-Company Chairman, 56 Years, after Share Holders Meeting, 17 July 2009. CHAPTER 2 GROWTH AND EXPANSION OF MR BIGGS IN THE PAST TWENTY YEARS (1986-2006) Today, few people would remember that the brand (Mr Bigg’s) was once a concept, which took on form, toddled as it were in the nation’s business terrain before being transformed – within 20 years into a Nigerian business pearl. Mr Bigg’s is a household name when it comes to QSR (Quick Service Restaurants) and this must have been achieved through ceaseless strategy and share administrative prowess of its administrators. This chapter explores the pattern of development and expansion of Mr Bigg’s from just one restaurant in Marina Lagos, to over 177 in 2006. The Kingsway Rendezvous emerged out of the Kingsway Coffee Shops but because it was not properly managed the business had to pack up. Lessons were learnt from this and then when the concept of Quick Service Restaurant came up it was unique. Mr Bigg’s was different; it was the first time people would be able to see the food they were going to eat being prepared. This was embraced by everybody and that was the beginning. The acceptance of Mr Bigg’s by the public was magnificent as the first Christmas that was operated, in December 1986. On Christmas Eve, the restaurant was so packed that you could literarily throw a meat pie in the air and it won’t fall to the ground.1 Mr Bigg’s current profile leaves no doubt about what the brand is all about. It states: â€Å"Mr Bigg’s major focus is on creating unforgettable eating experience for families, children and young adults. Its core values are enmeshed in offering esteemed customers convenience through the provision of quality snacks, meals, ice cream and drinks served promptly, by friendly, courteous and enthusiastic personnel in a clean, hygienic and refreshing environment.2 The brand Mr Bigg’s has effectively communicated its core values and brand benefits. This has positioned the brand in the minds of customers as fun, family, convenience, value, hygiene and quality. A closer relationship with the children and families is being fostered through well-designed theme and scheme activities during yuletide seasons such as Valentine’s Day, Mother’s Day, Easter, Children’s Day, Back-to-School, Christmas, Sallah etc. This way, the events remain unforgettable and memorable in the minds of our customers. ‘Big Melodies for Nigeria’ is a yearly event targeted at children and used as a pivot to rediscover and communicate the benefits of patriotism and a united Nigeria through songs.3 After having struggled with the Nigerian business environment and also after having professionalized their art, through a 14-year period, they were able to boost of 17 restaurants nationwide. But the revolution came at year 2000, owing largely to internal restructuring and visionary leadership. Mr Ayo Ajayi, who on taking over the leadership of UACN on 1st January 2000 seized the opportunity to realize the huge potentials in the fast foods business, facilitated the exponential growth of Mr Bigg’s. First Mr Ajayi carved out Mr Bigg’s from UAC FOODS and appointed Mr Larry Ettah as its pioneer Divisional Managing Director. By the time Mr Ettah was reassigned from Mr Biggs, the outlet count had raced to over 90 restaurants with a successful marketing campaign for the brand known as â€Å"Mr series†, â€Å"Mr Nigeria†, â€Å"Mr Value†, â€Å"Mr Family†, â€Å"Mr convenience† etc. the intensity of the expansion programme has continued to be sustained so much that in 2005, Mr Bigg’s built 42 outlet.4 As the helmsman of Mr Bigg’s, it became Mr Adedipe’s challenge to pilot Mr Bigg’s into continued greatness. This is a challenge he relished. But then in a bit of history spices the story of the early days of this grand corporate endeavour. Mr Biggs’s has proven that it is possible to run a profitable fast foods business in Nigeria. When Kingsway closed down many eminent people said that â€Å"how can one make money selling meat pie†? But today Mr Bigg’s as proved such assertions wrong, as the brand only by 2006, has 177 restaurants in Nigeria and Ghana, 29 Central Kitchens, 190 Generators (40 KVA), over 900 Toilets, 3,500 Employees, 45 Franchises, Largest single consumer of agricultural produce in Nigeria, operates in 48 cities in Nigeria and two cities in Ghana.5 Mr Chris Adedipe, one of the pioneer team members of Mr Bigg’s who until recently, was the Managing Director of the Division, recalls with unmarked nostalgia: â€Å" I don’t think any of us in our wildest dreams would have thought that 20 years later, we would have over 177 restaurants. We know we have got a winner but we never imagined that we would get to the level that we are now†. Mr Adedipe also reiterates on what makes Mr Bigg’s fascinating to customers; â€Å"a typical Mr Bigg’s restaurant must be in a good location. It must provide hot, tasty food, cold refreshing drinks, friendly and courteous staff, who provides fast and friendly service.6 As part of her effort to lead the market, a new restaurant on Bode Thomas Road in Surulere, Lagos, came up with an innovation – a multi-counter offering inside Mr Bigg’s. The new additions were Creamy Inn – and wait a while – Village Kitchen. Located on the upper floor of the restaurant, Village Kitchen made its debut in year 2000 with the slogan â€Å"you can’t ignore me – meals in your mother tongue†. Mr Ettah, the Special Guest of Honour at the occasion of the formal opening of the restaurants, left no one in doubt about what the Village Kitchen was all about: â€Å"We all know that Africans are highly cultural and uncompromising on matters of taste. In spite of Western influences and urbanisation, we, as Africans, sooner propelled to seek out our roots – often through our cuisines as our foods, beyond our language, is a critical component of our culture, which is an anchor in these times of continual societal flux, pressure and change.†7 The Village Kitchen which plans to offer African, Caribbean and Asian cuisines, took off with the presentation of popular local menus in Nigeria. In her presentation at the opening of the Village Kitchen, Miss Oluyomi Owoeye, noted that the restaurant has been positioned as a trendsetter in the Home Meal Replacement (HMR) industry in Nigeria. On offer at every Village Kitchen counter will be a range of home replacement meals, which are categorised as thus: Starters – pepper soup to be served with cow tail, fish or isi-ewu (goat head) Farinas – pounded yam, semovita, amala, eba, ofada, white rice and moin moin. Accompaniments – soups/stews such as okro, edikang-ikong, egusi, eforiro, ewedu, ogbono, to be served with assorted meats, bush meat, snail, fresh fish, goat meat and stockfish. Dessert – fruit salad and ice cream.8 Furthermore, to compliment are development efforts owing to growing competition in that area of the market where the likes of Tantalizers, Tetrazini, Tasty Fried Chicken, Sweet Sensation etc have posed a major threat to the income and market dominance of Mr Bigg’s. The company in 2006 acquired the Master Franchise of a number of leading international food brands including Nando’s, Luv-Dat-Chicken, Pizza Inn, and Creamy Inn. So far, these brands have been successful in delivering superior food, ice cream and meals. UACN’s initiatives in the food sector have also served to set new standards and define the Quick Service Restaurant industry in the country.9 The Nigerian business environment abounds with possibilities as the environment is crude it needs ideas to refine it. Such was the ideas of Tilbey in 1986, which has grown to become the leading confectionary in Nigeria. Also efforts are being made to internationalize the brand, which would make Mr Biggs, a Nigerian brand with global reach. On the whole the growth of Mr Bigg’s can be described as epochal. Finally, nothing good comes easy, on the road to stardom there are always thorns, so what where the challenges faced by the management of Mr Biggs before they could get to where they are today. ENDNOTES: 1. UACN, â€Å"Mr Bigg’s 20 Years After† Link, Vol. 27. No. 1. (2006). pp. 13-15. 2. UAC of Nigeria Plc, 2007 Annual Report and Accounts. pp.12. 3. Ibid. 4. UACN, â€Å"Mr Bigg’s 20 Years After† Link, Vol. 27. No. 1. (2006). pp. 13-15. 5. UAC of Nigeria Plc, 2007 Annual Report and Accounts. pp.13. 6. Interview with Mr Chris Adedipe, Company Executive, 45 years, at Company Premises, 15 July, 2009. 7. UACN, â€Å"Meals †¦ In Mother Tongue†, Link, Vol. 27. No. 1. (2006). pp. 16. 8. Ibid. 9. UAC of Nigeria Plc, 2007 Annual Report and Accounts. pp.13. CHAPTER 3 THE NIGERIAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT AND THE MR BIGG’S EXPERIENCE The business environment is a complex, interactive element or forces that are external, but potentially of significant consequence to the performance of business enterprises. Arguably, Nigeria is a potentially rich country where several opportunities abound for business enterprises. However with these potentials available in the country, it is expected that Nigeria should ordinarily be a safe haven for entrepreneurs, taking into cognisance the country’s over 100 million population, which makes it the biggest and largest in Africa. However, things have not worked as expected. The numerous local challenges that abound have been compounded by Nigeria’s membership of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) which exposes it to global competition.1 The option therefore is for the country to either improve the local conditions with a view to encourage the activities of business organisation or allow it to remain docile as it is. The business environment in Nigeria has been described as aggressive and unfriendly.2 Invariably, it is this hostile environment that has fashioned the essential characteristics of its businesses. Although, the number of businesses in Nigeria are numerous, but at the same time are mostly small scaled. However, Mr Biggs has withered the storm and nurtured a brand from just a restaurant at Kingsway building in Marina to over 177 in Nigeria and Ghana. It must have been a Herculean task for the members of staff, hence what was there challenges in the face of an unfriendly and harsh business environment.3 The first possible challenge is that of the poor state of infrastructure in the country. Social amenities like good roads, water supply, and power are readily not available. The company is forced to source her own electricity, spending so much on the purchase of diesel for generators. Also, the company has to dredge her own borehole and sometimes the company had to repair roads to make it motor able for staffs and customers. The issue of power has been considered as a major challenge facing the company as Mr Biggs operates in 48 cities and in most of these cities power supply is completely not just available.4 Peace and security are synonymous with development.5 The persisting insecurity in Nigeria has endangered business parastatals. The constant threats of armed robbers have forced the company to close some restaurants and in some cases security operatives are employed and paid huge sums of money so has to ensure security of lives and property. Some restaurants have to close shop before it gets too dark so as to avoid the activities of this night marauders. This however is having a bad effect on the turnover of the company.6 The lack of macro-economic variables in terms of inflationary control as well as variable interest and exchange rates has jeopardized the operations of Mr Bigg’s. As a matter of fact, Nigerian economy suffer from distortions, high interest and exchange rates and economic instability leading to cost escalation. It is on record that inflation and interest rate in the country at times rises above 15-22 % respectively.7 The Nigerian fiscal management regime has been described as anti business, this is due to the lack of a unified tax system in the country. The three arms of government in Nigeria constantly harass businesses with all kinds of tax claims ranging from personal income tax, value added tax, warehouse permit, radio/television licence, mobile advertisement tax water borehole tax, capital gain tax, withholding tax, environmental protection tax etc.8 in some cases, the percentage of these taxes collected is considered to be one of the highest in the world. Furthermore, these taxes added to the already high cost of doing business in Nigeria further becomes a disincentive.9 Furthermore, there was the issue of logistics, people and quality everywhere. It was a great challenge managing all these issues and made sure that standard was maintained, so as to ensure that the eminent position is maintained.10 Also, the salient issue of marketing the brand has posed strong challenge to the company. Over the years however, the brand has responded to the vagaries of the Nigerian economy. The challenge is doing more of scheme activities, particularly activities that revolve around restaurants; centred on collection or clusters of restaurants; that is what is called â€Å"In-Store Marketing or Local Area Marketing.†11 Fast foods watchers would readily attest to the fact that the sector, which is one of the fastest growing frontiers of the economy, has witnessed some of the stiffest competition in the country. A lot of people seeing the success of Mr Bigg’s were encouraged to come to the market. Hence, the competition in the market is stiff but at least it is healthy and Mr Bigg’s has managed this competition, so as to maintain the front row in the market. On the efforts to internationalise the brand, some factors have posed problems. Delving into Ghanaian market there are cultural factors, taste, and attitude of her people, which are entirely different from where they are coming from, hence there is a lot of learning to do.12 This work has been done not for its aesthetic value but to inform the reading public that in the mucky terrain of the Nigerian business environment, companies can thrive and that the Nigerian market can produce global market leaders when given the right conditions to operate. The history of Mr Bigg’s is that which should encourage potential entrepreneurs to invest in the Nigerian market and with visionary leaders who are loyal to the dream of such an ideas, the sky is just the beginning as the Nigerian economy has the quantitative ability to sustain such business. What should not be lacking in a business that is willing to thrive in Nigeria are ideas, as the Nigerian market is dynamic; visionary and efficient leadership as well as a marketable brand. Therefore, entrepreneurs should stop hiding under the guise of the harsh business environment and learn from the Mr Bigg’s experience. ENDNOTES: 1. M. Ogbeidi, Fundamentals of Business History, (Lagos: Reenok Publishers, 2006) pp. 15-25. 2. F. Amatori, Business History Around the World, (London: Macmillan Press, 1980). pp. 10-12. 3. Tom Forest, The Advance of African Capital, (New York, Princeton Press, 1985). pp. 23-30. 4. UACN, â€Å"Mr Bigg’s 20 Years After† Link, Vol. 27. No. 1. (2006). pp. 13-15. 5. Interview with Mr Peter Anyanwu, Company Employee, 42 Years, at the office, July 20, 2009. 6. N. S. B. Graff, Business and Capitalism: An Introduction To Business History, (London: Longman Group, 1963). pp. 13-15. 7. UACN, â€Å"Ajayi Speaks on Mr Bigg’s† Link, Vol. 27. No. 1. (2006). pp. 10-12. 8. M. Ogbeidi, Fundamentals of Business History, pp. 20. 9. UAC of Nigeria Plc, 2007 Annual Report and Accounts. pp.16. 10. Interview with Mr Peter Anyanwu, Company Employee, 42 Years, at the office, July 20, 2009. 11. Interview with Mr Chris Adedipe, Company Executive, 45 years, at Company Premises, 15 July, 2009. 12. Ibid. 13. UACN, â€Å"Mr Bigg’s 20 Years After† Link, Vol. 27. No. 1. (2006). pp. 13-15. BIBLIOGRAPHY SECONDARY SOURCES: Alagoa, A. E. The Merchant Prince of the Niger Delta. Enugu: Celphonic Press, 2000. Alake, A. O. The Indigenization Policy in Nigeria. Lagos: Longman Group, 1990. Amatori, F. Business History Around the World. London: Macmillan Press, 1980. Buah, F. K. West Africa Since AD 1000. London: Macmillan Press, 1978. Forest, T. The Advance of African Capital. New York, Princeton Press, 1985. Graff, N. S. B. Business and Capitalism: An Introduction To Business History. London: Longman Group, 1963. Ogbeidi, M. Fundamentals of Business History. Lagos: Reenok Publishers, 2006. Rodney, W. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Abuja: Panaf Publishers, 1973. Schatz, S. P. Nigerian Capitalism. London: Princeton Press, 1980. UACN. â€Å"Ajayi Speaks on Mr Bigg’s.† Link. Vol. 27. No. 1. 2006. UACN. â€Å"Meals †¦ In Mother Tongue.† Link. Vol. 27. No. 1. 2006. UACN. â€Å"Mr Bigg’s 20 Years After.† Link. Vol. 27. No. 1. 2006. UACN. â€Å"UAC Presents Facts Behind the Figure.† Link. Vol. 3. No. 1. 2002. Ward, W. E. F. A History of Africa. London: George Allen Unwind Ltd, 1966. Webster, T. B., Boahen A. A. and M. Tidy, Revolutionary Years: West Africa Since 1800. London: Longman Group, 1980. PRIMARY SOURCES: Interview with Mr Ayo Ajayi. Ex-Company Chairman, 56 Years, after Share Holders Meeting, 17 July, 2009. Interview with Mr Chris Adedipe. Company Executive, 45 years, at Company Premises, 15 July, 2009. Interview with Mr Chuks Anyangbo. Resident of Marina Lagos, 62 Years, July 17, 2009. Interview with Mr Peter Anyanwu. Company Employee, 42 Years, at the office, July 20, 2009. UAC of Nigeria Plc, 2007 Annual Report and Accounts. Research Papers on history of Mr. Biggs Restaurant from 1986-2006PETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paper

50 Latin Phrases You Should Know

50 Latin Phrases You Should Know 50 Latin Phrases You Should Know 50 Latin Phrases You Should Know By Mark Nichol Latin expressions are often adopted into English, often with an extended or figurative meaning. Here are fifty of the most common phrases, followed by their literal translation in Latin and the meaning in English (omitted when the meaning follows the literal translation). 1. a posteriori (from the latter): based on experience 2. a priori (from the earlier): independent of experience 3. ad hoc (for this): said of something created or formed for a special case 4. ad infinitum (to infinity): something that keeps going forever 5. alea jacta est (the die is cast): said when a plot is set into motion 6. ars longa, vita brevis (art is long, life is short) 7. casus belli: (cause of war): where the blame lies 8. caveat emptor (let the buyer beware): a reference to the principle that a customer is responsible for making sure that a product is in good working order 9. compos mentis (of healthy mind): sane 10. ex cathedra (from the chair): with the full authority of office (often used in reference to the Catholic pope’s infallibility, but also employed in other contexts) 11. ex post facto (after the fact): realized with hindsight 12. de facto (from fact): something that happens in practice but is not necessarily established by law 13. de jure (from law): the contrary of de facto; something established by law 14. dies irae (day of judgment) 15. dramatis personae (persons of the drama): refers to a list of actors, or to the principal participants of an event or in a group 16. genius loci (guardian spirit): the character of a place 17. honoris causa (for the sake of the honor): an honorary degree 18. horribile dictu (horrible to say) 19. in extremis (in the farthest reaches): in a difficult situation, or at the point of death 20. in flagrante delicto (in the burning crime): caught in the act 21. in medias res (into the middle of things): in the midst of action (said of the opening of a story or account) 22. in situ (in that place): in its original place 23. in toto (as a whole) 24. ipso facto (by the very fact): because of that fact 25. inter alia (among other things) 26. mea culpa (I am responsible): forgive me 27. memento mori (remember that you must die): a reminder of mortality 28. mens sana in corpore sano (a healthy mind in a healthy body) 29. mirabile dictu (amazing to say) 30. modus operandi (method of operating): way of working (also MO) 31. ne plus ultra (none more beyond): without equal, the greatest degree 32. non sequitur (it does not follow): said of something that does not logically relate to what came before 33. nota bene (note well): take note (also NB) 34. o tempora o mores (oh, the times, oh, the morals): said in criticism of behavior 35. omnia vincit amor (love conquers all) 36. panem et circenses (bread and circuses): said of things offered to the masses to distract them from what they should attend to for their own benefit 37. per se (by itself) 38. post hoc ergo propter hoc (after this, therefore because of this): effect follows cause 39. prima facie (at first look): based on the first impression, or accepted as correct until proved otherwise 40. primus inter pares (first among equals) 41. pro forma (for form): for the sake of appearances or form 42. quid pro quo (this for that): something given in exchange for something else (hence quid, the nickname for the pound in UK currency) 43. quis custodiet ipsos custodes (who watches the watchers?): who shall protect us against those who (supposedly) protect us? 44. sic transit gloria mundi (thus passes the glory of the world): fame is fleeting in this world 45. sine qua non (without which thing . . . not): said of something indispensable 46. sub rosa (under the rose): happening or done in secret 47. sui generis (in its own class): unique 48. tabula rasa (scraped tablet): blank slate (the concept of the human mind before it receives impressions from experience) 49. tempus fugit (time flies) 50. terra firma (solid ground): often used figuratively to refer to certainty 51. vox populi (voice of the people) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?Acronym vs. InitialismRite, Write, Right, Wright

Political science project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political science project - Essay Example Social and Political effects of IMF Both IIMF and World have played an imperative role in shaping the political, social and economic environments of India, especially with the knowledge that India has been one of the developing countries with unstable environments. In this regard, with the IMF and the World Bank, both the social and political environments of India have been profoundly impacted. Scholars assert that India has received more benefits than losses from the International Financial Institutions. This is because; it is notable that India’s economy has improved since the two institutions came into action. Still, others state that the World Bank created more harm than good by reducing the Indian Economic growth rate (Mishra, 2012). However, one of the notable impacts of World Bank on the Indian economic and social environment is poverty alleviation. Statistics show that so far India has borrowed a total of US$ 65.8 billion from the World Bank. This played a key role to India since it assisted in funding its projects (Kumar, 2012). Needless to say, the funds provided were used in projects such as development of the infrastructure, rural development and social improvements among the citizens. The living standards of Indians have been improved since the poverty level has been reduced. ... Arguably, IMF also plays an extremely significant role in the Indian political and economic environments through a number of ways. This is mainly by providing economic assistance in terms of funding the government projects in the country. In addition, the IMF also provides consultancy services to the country in policy making. Kumar (2012) asserts that these policy making services have had a substantial impact on India’s political and social economy. This is because; with better policies in the country, cases of corruption are reduced and there is political integrity. In addition, borrowed funds will be utilized efficiently and thus there will be overall growth among the citizens (Eiras, 2003). Another social impact that has been observed is the improvement of the health of the citizens. A report by Kumar (2012) about the effects of IMF on India showed that, due to lack of food and other necessities the country suffered from health problems. In addition, a report given in the y ear 2007 showed that most children of the poor families in India were born while suffering from malnutrition (Mishra, 2012). This is because, the pregnant mothers had not been well fed during their maternity periods. With funding from the IMF and the World Bank, the country can provide food assistance to the poor families and thus, promoting the health of many of the citizens (Mishra, 2012). Cases of food starvation in the country have also been reduced, thus impacting the society positively since cases of theft or tribal clashes have reduced. This is a serious social effect in India since it promotes peace and stability in the country. In reference to Lagarde (2012), the World Bank and the IMF have positive effects

Innovative Change Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Innovative Change - Research Paper Example There is need for these stakeholders to communicate and collaborate effectively for there to be efficient innovative change in the sector. The US Department of Department has taken centre stage in supporting the ‘Flagship Initiative, Collaboration: Open Innovation Web Portal’. This is an online initiative that allows identification of areas of need in the education sector, suggests improvements to solutions and areas that need funding (Open Government Plan: Department of Education, 2012). Through this initiative the Department seeks to create an infrastructure that promotes transformative innovations that are aimed ensuring that every student has the opportunity to get world class education that the system should rightful provide (ED. Gov., n. d.). The initiative aims to provide more insight into the decision making process in the education sector. Additionally, the strategy aims to promote the participation of the public and other stakeholders in the decision making pro cess (Open Government Plan: Department of Education, 2012). ... Redefining the curricula entails the vast expansion of technology and schools are starting to acknowledge the need for modernization in the sector (Hobcraft, 2012). Innovative technologies open the doors to creative applications within the education field (ED. Gov., n. d.). Owing to this, re- imaging of the traditional education system is indispensable. There are educational experts who hold on traditional values. If any change is implemented in the system, the impact will be felt by the students and will lead to improved efficiency in the learning process. Success as an Innovative Change In October 2009, Secretary Duncan announced that there will be a $650 million grant that will be directing towards funding of new promising ideas that are aimed at benefiting all students across the country (ED. Gov., n. d.). In March 29, 2010, the initiative had over 2850 members, 76 innovative ideas had been submitted and most of them have received positive response (ED. Gov., n. d.). In 2011, the budget for the Fiscal year 2011, President Obama and Secretary Duncan requested a $500 million grant to fund the ideas that did not get funding in the previous year (ED. Gov., n. d.). Additionally, an active network is operational and has received immense publicity over time. The Department of Education is motivated by the early success of this initiative. This investment represents the most significant investment that has been made to the Department of education to date. Yet, the department acknowledges that sustaining efficient innovation in the education sector requires more than successful grant completion but also how the innovation is implemented (ED. Gov., n. d.). It is clear successful implementation of innovative ideas in the education sector is affected by lack of a

Applying Ethical Theories Essay Example for Free

Applying Ethical Theories Essay Summary Plagiarism in todays â€Å"copy and paste generation† is an unremitting, complex issue that is not yet fully understood. The paper responds to this proposition with a thesis that understanding the ethical reasoning provided by students in defending plagiarism is crucial in preventing it in student populations. The reasons can provide the basis for specific action-orientated recommendations to reduce plagiarism and to design programs to encourage originality and academic honesty within the relevant educational institutions. Moreover, the authors explain that this study has broader implications, given the link between educational plagiarism and the organisation and profitability of businesses. The paper develops an ethical framework to analyse the reasons that students use when defending their plagiarism. This framework is based on previous research into the ethical reasoning of students in different contexts. The authors explain and apply six ethical theories in the paper: Deontology, Utilitarianism, Rational self-interest, Machiavellianism, Cultural relativism and Situational ethics. The paper uses content analysis methodology to implement the ethical framework described above. Consequently, the research evaluates the recorded content found in the confidential files of students found to have plagiarised work at a US university. This includes the formal process by which the students were charged with plagiarism and how they defended their actions. To ensure the research was not biased two judges were used to evaluate the reasoning. To ensure a sufficient level of inter-rater reliability, the judges evaluated 20 identical ads before being given the cases used in the study. Their results show students used all 6 ethical theories, deontology being the most common with 41.8% of using this reasoning. Variables such as â€Å"Sex, Ethnicity and GPA† had no effect on the student’s ethical reasoning. Students who used the Internet to plagiarize were more likely to resort to Situational ethics and Utilitarianism. The  paper concludes by listing a series of recommendations for each ethical theory on how to instil ethical behaviour and help prevent cases of plagiarism. Critical Analysis of the papers purpose Plagiarism and the internet Granitz and Lowey describe a new plagiarism epidemic in the paper subject to review. The analysis that they present, that plagiarism is increasing due to the ease of which information can be lifted from the internet, is justified by previous academic research. The Internet provides as huge source of information which is easily available to students for use in academic papers (Weinstein Dobkin, 2002.) Moreover, the way that information is presented and is accessible on the Internet has made plagiarism easier (Klein, 2011). Students have the opportunity to copy and compile information from a variety of sources with speed, particularly when compared with old-style plagiarism using hard copy sources. However, since the publication of the paper in 2006, it could be argued that many professors have become more tech savvy, particularly with the development of technology in electronic detection tools (Klein, 2011.) Consequently, it is less easy to sustain the argument that transgression may present an irresistible challenge to students, as technology improves and if teachers in academic institutions become more technologically adept. Applying ethical reasoning to plagiarism After a historical analysis of the development of the concept of plagiarism, the paper moves on to conclude that our modern perception of plagiarism is that it is morally reprehensible. I would critique this approach using the analysis of Morality and Ethics put forward by Klein in 2011. Granitz and Lowey do not appear to consider the extent to which the moral and ethical approach of students in academic institutions may differ from the general modern perception of plagiarism that they describe. Klein describes the research which suggests that there is ambiguity on what is perceived as plagiarism among learners. Quoting Weiss Bader (2003), [a]n example of an area of ambiguity might include peer collaboration and knowing to what extent the collaboration is considered inappropriate. Consequently, I would argue that the paper does not fully consider the extent to which the ethical  problems posed by plagiarism may be problematic because they are non-traditional and that they may not fit easily into existing and well used categorisation systems (Clegg et al., 2007). Instead, the paper seeks to apply ethical philosophies taken from different ethical contexts (albeit ideas used by students) and it maintains the general proposition that plagiarism is considered as morally wrong, without analysing this specifically in relation to students and academic institutions. Content analysis as a research methodology The paper applies a content analysis to review student files which record the formal process by which students in a large US West Coast university were charged with plagiarism and defended themselves. The article recognises the fact that students may disguise their true reasoning whilst providing the reasoning, but concludes that they are still exposing the logic that they use to defend plagiarism – and being able to counter that logic is valuable for the faculty. This problems has been considered in the business context, in which virtually every empirical inquiry of issues relevant to applied business ethics involves the asking of questions that are sensitive, embarrassing, threatening, stigmatizing, or incriminating† (Dalton and Metzger, 1992, p. 207). Furthermore, since the early 1950s researchers in organizational sciences have expressed concern that the â€Å"tendency of individuals to deny socially undesirable traits and to admit to socially desirable ones† may impair empirical studies based on questionnaires which require respondents to report on their own behaviour or attitudes (Randall and Fernandes, 1991, p. 805) Recommendations The paper outlines a basis of recommendations based on the results achieved by the content analysis. Given the above critique of the content analysis, and the limit that the context of asking sensitive or incriminating questions in a business, and I would suggest academic, context, one could critique the assumption put forward in the paper that the recommendations for each ethical theory will achieve the effect of reducing plagiarism in institutions and provide a basis for the implementation of clear academic policies. Moreover, expanding on what I have suggested above, given the critique forwarded by Weiss and Bader (2003), it could be argues that poor  public perception of plagiarism in academic institutions may make any changes difficult to implement. I would argue that a more useful critique would be to consider the reasons offered by students in a non-confrontational and stigmatizing context, which could be used to understand the specific ethical context of plagiarism and to p roduce more specific recommendations. References Clegg, Kornberger and Rhodes: 2007 Business Ethics as Practice: British Journal of Management 18: 107-122 Dalton, D. R. and M. B. Metzger: 1992, ‘Integrity Testing’ for Personnel Selection: An Unsparing Perspective’, Journal of Business Ethics Kaptein M and Schwartz S: 2008 The Effectiveness of Business Codes: A Critical Examination of Existing Studies and the Development of an Integrated Research Model, Journal of Business 77: 111-127 Klein D: 2011 Why Learners Choose Plagiarism: A Review of Literature, Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects 7 Randall, D., Fernandes, M. F. (1991): The Social Desirability Response Bias in Ethics Research. Journal ofBusiness Ethics Robertson, D.C. (1993). Empiricism in Business Ethics: Suggested Research Directions. Trevino, Linda K., ‘Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-Situation Interaction Model’, Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 1986, pp.601-617. Weinstein and Dobkin: 2002 Plagiarism in U.S. Higher Education: Estimating Internet Plagiarism Rates and Testing a Means of Deterrence, USA: Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects, University of California, Berkeley, USA. Weiss, D. H., Bader, J. B. (2003) Undergraduate ethics at Homewood. Standler, R. B. (2000). Plagiarism in colleges in USA

The Epic of Gilgamesh versus The Epic of Beowulf Essay example -- essa

The Epic of Gilgamesh and Beowulf contain everything we can expect from a great epic literature. It portrays fantastic geographies, exotic characters, exhausting quests, heroic battles with monsters, supernatural beings and natural forces. Most important of all, they are two outstanding stories of a great epic hero who is compelled to meet his destiny and who rises to every challenge with courage and determination. Beowulf is the earliest surviving epic poem written in a modern European language. It was written in Old English sometime before the tenth century A.D. The poem describes the adventures of Beowulf, a Scandinavian warrior of the sixth century. Beowulf is described as a perfect hero who fights for his people and gets rid of evil with his extraordinary abilities to bring peace and justice. Unlike Beowulf, The Epic of Gilgamesh was one of the first pieces of literature known to man. The epic was found among ruins in Ninevah in the form of twelve large tablets, dating to 2,000 B.C. The epic is believed to be based on the Archaic Sumerian king Gilgamesh who ruled the city of Uruk around 2700 B.C. The main character in The Epic of Gilgamesh is a very powerful man who is two-thirds immortal and one-third man. He too is thought to be a hero and possesses many of Beowulf’s heroic values, but he also possesses many differences. Beowulf is a hero in the eyes of his fellow men through hi s amazing physical strength and courage. He fought in many battles and won all besides his last. Beowulf was powerful enough to kill the monster Grendel, who had been terrorizing the Danes for twelve years, with his bare hands. When the two battled off Beowulf grabbed Grendal’s arm and ripped it off at the shoulder. Beowulf then fought Grendel's ... ...essed with becoming a hero. He set out to destroy Humbaba, his only ambition being to leave an enduring name. The one thing Gilgamesh feared was death. After his friend and companion, Enkidu, died Gigamesh became obsessed with death. He wept for seven days and seven nights before starting a great journey to find everlasting life. He searchers for a man named Utnapishtim, who was given eternal life by the gods, to find out how he escaped death. Beowulf's strength, and his ability to put his people’s welfare before his own, and the fact that he does not fear death makes him revered by all, especially those of his time. In both epics the heros possessed god-like strength and defeated many evil beings. Both were courageous and feared no man or creature.Beowulf stuck to a stricter code of ethics.Beowulf is the prime example of an epic hero, and he embodies the conduct.

Critical Analysis Worksheet Essay

Perform a critical analysis of each reading using critical thinking techniques from this week’s readings. Respond to the following based on your critical thinking analysis of the â€Å"Common Core† and â€Å"The Battle Against Common Core Standards† readings. 1) Define the term conclusion. Aside from being the obvious result or closing, a conclusion is also â€Å"a proposition concluded or inferred from the premises of an argument† as defined by dictionary.com. This means, the conclusion is a final logically reasoned deduction. 2) What is the conclusion of each article? The conclusion from the â€Å"Common Core† perspective is that students will learn the essentials for success in college and business prior to graduating high school. The conclusion for those that are in â€Å"The Battle Against Common Core Standards† is that implementing these standards is politically motivated and not in the best interest of students. See more: how to write an analysis 3) Define the term premises. The premise is the basis of support for a given conclusion. 4) What premises support the conclusions in each article? Those working against common core implementation cite government control due to the funding provided to school districts and lack of proof that the system works as basic reasons for their conclusions. Those in favor of common core cite better prepared graduating students, a more educated workforce, and standardization amongst students. The article indicated that if districts had to define their own educational standards, they would start  by seeking out â€Å"common core standards.† 5) How convincing is the conclusion of each article? Explain your answer. I was more convinced by the arguments in favor of implementing common core standards. I noticed more bias in Smith’s article against common core implementation. I was more convinced by Sell’s article because of the objectivity. 6) Define the term biases. A bias is â€Å"a particular dendency or inclination, especially one that prevents unprejudiced consideration of a quesiton; prejudice† according to dictionary.com. Anything that prevents someone from objectively drawing a conclusion is a bias. 7) What biases did you observe in each article? Why do you think they are biases? While the â€Å"Common Core† article objectively defined common core and explained its function all of the sources cited were supportive of implementing common core standards. The article would state the opposition and then Sell would quote someone in favor of common core. Smith’s title alone lets you know that this is an opposing argument. The article is politically motivated. Throughout the article, Smith discusses democratic initiatives and state’s â€Å"relinquishing their right to control.† 8) What might be the sources of the biases in each article? Personal expertise is the initial bias. Perhaps they have a child that has fallen below common core standards. Living in a state that has already implemented common core values, I have dealt with standardized tests as both a student and parent. While I was able to pass them with ease, I have witnessed students taken them multiple times to no avail. Those politically motivated are driven by funding and votes. It’s hard to determine if their focus is genuine or if ulterior motives are present. I recognize my personal bias with regard to choosing or opposing common core. References Bias. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved November 14, 2014, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bias Conclusion. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved November 14, 2014, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/conclusion Premise. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved November 14, 2014, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/premise Sell, M. (2013). Common core. McClatchy – Tribune Business News [Washington]. Smith, H.K. (2013, March). The battle against common core standards. FreedomWorks, Retrieved from www.freedomworks.org Link to the article: http://www.freedomworks.org/blog/rousseau/the-battle-against-common-core-standards

Save Girl Child

NuclearMain articles: Nuclear explosion and Effects of nuclear explosions In addition to stellar nuclear explosions, a man-made nuclear weapon is a type of explosive weapon that derives its destructive force from nuclear fission or from a combination of fission and fusion. As a result, even a nuclear weapon with a small yield is significantly more powerful than the largest conventional explosives available, with a single weapon capable of completely destroying an entire city. Properties of explosionsForceExplosive force is released in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the explosive. If the surface is cut or shaped, the explosive forces can be focused to produce a greater local effect; this is known as a shaped charge.VelocityThis article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Pleasehelp improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (May 2013) The speed of the reaction is what distinguishes the ex plosive reaction from an ordinary combustion reaction . Unless the reaction occurs rapidly, the thermally expanded gases will be dissipated in the medium, and there will be no explosion. Again, consider a wood or coal fire. As the fire burns, there is the evolution of heat and the formation of gases, but neither is liberated rapidly enough to cause an explosion. This can be likened to the difference between the energy discharge of a battery, which is slow, and that of a flash capacitor like that in a camera flash, which releases its energy all at once.Evolution of heatThe generation of heat in large quantities accompanies most explosive chemical reactions. The exceptions are called entropic explosives and include organic peroxides such as acetone peroxide[2] It is the rapid liberation of heat that causes the gaseous products of most explosive reactions to expand and generate high pressures. This rapid generation of high pressures of the released gas constitutes the explosion. The li beration of heat with insufficient rapidity will not cause an explosion. For example,  although a unit mass of coal yields five times as much heat as a unit mass of nitroglycerin, the coal cannot be used as an explosive because the rate at which it yields this heat is quite slow. In fact, a substance which burns less rapidly (i.e. slowcombustion) may actually evolve more total heat than an explosive which detonates rapidly (i.e. fast combustion).In the former, slow combustion converts more of the internal energy (i.e.chemical potential) of the burning substance into heat released to the surroundings, while in the latter, fast combustion (i.e. detonation) instead converts more internal energy into work on the surroundings (i.e. less internal energy converted into heat); c.f. heat and work (thermodynamics) are equivalent forms of energy. See Heat of Combustion for a more thorough treatment of this topic. When a chemical compound is formed from its constituents, heat may either be ab sorbed or released. The quantity of heat absorbed or given off during transformation is called the heat of formation.Heats of formations for solids and gases found in explosive reactions have been determined for a temperature of 25  °C and atmospheric pressure, and are normally given in units of kilojoules per gram-molecule. A negative value indicates that heat is absorbed during the formation of the compound from its elements; such a reaction is called an endothermic reaction. In explosive technology only materials that are exothermic—that have a net liberation of heat—are of interest. Reaction heat is measured under conditions either of constant pressure or constant volume. It is this heat of reaction that may be properly expressed as the â€Å"heat of explosion.†Initiation of reactionA chemical explosive is a compound or mixture which, upon the application of heat or shock, decomposes or rearranges with extreme rapidity, yielding much gas and heat. Many sub stances not ordinarily classed as explosives may do one, or even two, of these things. A reaction must be capable of being initiated by the application of shock, heat, or a catalyst (in the case of some explosive chemical reactions) to a small portion of the mass of the explosive material. A material in which the first three factors exist cannot be accepted as an explosive unless the reaction can be made to occur when needed.FragmentationFragmentation is the accumulation and projection of particles as the result of a high explosives detonation. Fragments could be part of a structure such as a magazine. High velocity, low angle fragments can travel hundreds or thousands of feet with enough energy to initiate other surrounding high explosive items, injure or kill personnel and damage vehicles or structures. Notable explosions Save Girl Child NuclearMain articles: Nuclear explosion and Effects of nuclear explosions In addition to stellar nuclear explosions, a man-made nuclear weapon is a type of explosive weapon that derives its destructive force from nuclear fission or from a combination of fission and fusion. As a result, even a nuclear weapon with a small yield is significantly more powerful than the largest conventional explosives available, with a single weapon capable of completely destroying an entire city. Properties of explosionsForceExplosive force is released in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the explosive. If the surface is cut or shaped, the explosive forces can be focused to produce a greater local effect; this is known as a shaped charge.VelocityThis article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Pleasehelp improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (May 2013) The speed of the reaction is what distinguishes the ex plosive reaction from an ordinary combustion reaction . Unless the reaction occurs rapidly, the thermally expanded gases will be dissipated in the medium, and there will be no explosion. Again, consider a wood or coal fire. As the fire burns, there is the evolution of heat and the formation of gases, but neither is liberated rapidly enough to cause an explosion. This can be likened to the difference between the energy discharge of a battery, which is slow, and that of a flash capacitor like that in a camera flash, which releases its energy all at once.Evolution of heatThe generation of heat in large quantities accompanies most explosive chemical reactions. The exceptions are called entropic explosives and include organic peroxides such as acetone peroxide[2] It is the rapid liberation of heat that causes the gaseous products of most explosive reactions to expand and generate high pressures. This rapid generation of high pressures of the released gas constitutes the explosion. The li beration of heat with insufficient rapidity will not cause an explosion. For example, although a unit mass of coal yields five times as much heat as a unit mass of nitroglycerin, the coal cannot be used as an explosive because the rate at which it yields this heat is quite slow.In fact, a substance which burns less rapidly (i.e. slowcombustion) may actually evolve more total heat than an explosive which detonates rapidly (i.e. fast combustion). In the former, slow combustion converts more of the internal energy (i.e.chemical potential) of the burning substance into heat released to the surroundings, while in the latter, fast combustion (i.e. detonation) instead converts more internal energy into work on the surroundings (i.e. less internal energy converted into heat); c.f. heat and work (thermodynamics) are equivalent forms of energy. See Heat of Combustion for a more thorough treatment of this topic. When a chemical compound is formed from its constituents, heat may either be absor bed or released.The quantity of heat absorbed or given off during transformation is called the heat of formation. Heats of formations for solids and gases found in explosive reactions have been determined for a temperature of 25  °C and atmospheric pressure, and are normally given in units of kilojoules per gram-molecule. A negative value indicates that heat is absorbed during the formation of the compound from its elements; such a reaction is called an endothermic reaction. In explosive technology only materials that are exothermic—that have a net liberation of heat—are of interest. Reaction heat is measured under conditions either of constant pressure or constant volume. It is this heat of reaction that may be properly expressed as the â€Å"heat of explosion.† Initiation of reactionA chemical explosive is a compound or mixture which, upon the application of heat or shock, decomposes or rearranges with extreme rapidity, yielding much gas and heat. Many subst ances not ordinarily classed as explosives may do one, or even two, of these things. A reaction must be capable of being initiated by the application of shock, heat, or a catalyst (in the case of some explosive chemical reactions) to a small portion of the mass of the explosive material. A material in which the first three factors exist cannot be accepted as an explosive unless the reaction can be made to occur when needed.FragmentationFragmentation is the accumulation and projection of particles as the result of a high explosives detonation. Fragments could be part of a structure such as a magazine. High velocity, low angle fragments can travel hundreds or thousands of feet with enough energy to initiate other surrounding high explosive items, injure or kill personnel and damage vehicles or structures.

Joan Miro essays

Joan Miro essays The Catalan struggle and Spanish Civil War greatly influenced Joan Mir s art; Miros techniques of forceful strokes with paint and ceramics enable Mir to express his feelings and depict the Catalan peoples struggle through art. II. Lack of interest in political matters C.) 1914 Mirs earliest painting The Catalan struggle and Spanish Civil War greatly influenced Joan Mirs art; Mirs techniques of forceful strokes with paint and ceramics enable Mir to express his feelings and depict the Catalan peoples struggle through art. Surrealism in the 1920s was defined as a fantastic arrangement of materials that influenced Mir, due to the fact that he was one of the most original and sympathetic artists during the Surrealism periods. Mir was born into the Catalan culture in April 20,1893 in Barcelona, Spain (Munro 288). Having to be born into the Catalan culture gave Mir an opportunity to have an intense nationalist activity. In which much attention was paid not only to political expressions of the need for autonomy, but also to the re-Catalanizing of every day life (Higdon 1). It was necessary to fight so that Catalan, our language might be recognized as a cultural language (Mir). In 1910 Mirs parents bought a masia which is a sort of traditional farmstead of Catalo ...

Writing Essay

Writing Essay Writing Essay Writing Essay In most cases the essay topics are assigned. However, it is your responsibility to create a title that points our the clear direction of your essay.   Begin writing essay with analyzing the topic. You should understand that every aspect of the essay outline needs to be covered thoroughly throughout the essay. So, in-depth analysis helps you to understand what the essay should contain and helps you to decide on essay format. Your task isn't to include general information, you should write directly and to the point. It requires spending enough time thinking about what the essay question is and how to answer it. Once you have some ideas you should review the books and journals which related to your topic. Start research from the point you are already familiar with. While reading secondary material, you will understand what kind of information you need. Essay Outline Build the essay on your own ideas. Gathered information will help you to make a plan of your essay. Essay writing needs to be organized by you and to express your interpretation and understanding of the subject, not authors'. It means that you should write in your own words. Even if you've already had the notes, put them aside and begin to write first paragraph without their help. Start writing an essay with introduction. Your introduction should contain a summary and an argument, as well as thesis statement. Remember that you will need to redraft the introduction more often than the other parts. So, the good idea is to write the draft of each part on separate sheets. It will allow you to redraft essay parts more easily. The essay should have an introduction that is distinct from the body of the essay and shortly explains what the essay is about. The outline should show the organization or structure of the essay. The body of an essay is the largest part of the paper. It presents detailed information about the topic with evidences, examples and illustrations. Each idea should be described in separate paragraph and should be supported with information from secondary sources. The conclusion is a last stage of the essay writing. Again restate the main ideas and thesis statement. When you have finished writing essay it is useful to proofread it. Check the introduction for correctly description of essay ideas. Check your essay writing for the accurate presentation of quotations and references. While writing essay, hold the required essay format. Cheek the grammar and spelling; be sure that sentences are well constructed. Custom Help with Writing Essay Are you are writing essay and do not know how to proceed?   Do not need professional assistance with essay writing?   would like to offer you an opportunity to improve your grades without any efforts.   All you need to do is to place an order at our site and an experienced writer will produce a coherent and interesting essay for you in accordance to the provided instructions.

The international criminal court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The international criminal court - Essay Example The International Criminal Court was established to provide assistance in the most complex international crime situations. The ICC is a fully independent institution that operates in accordance with the Rome Statute and aims at dealing with the most serious international crimes, including crimes against humanity. Some of the most famous cases in the ICC included the case of Milosevich and prosecutions against the political and military leaders of Congo and Uganda. Based on the principles of legitimacy, fairness, and justice, the ICC exemplifies a successful attempt to resolve the most controversial crime situations and issues at the supranational level. The ICC: purpose and structure The International Criminal Court (ICC) is fairly regarded as the central and most important body in the criminal prosecution process. It â€Å"is the first permanent, treaty based, international criminal court established to help end impunity for the perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community† (ICC 2010). Needless to say, the ICC is primarily concerned with the crimes against humanity and their consequences. It is a fully independent organization, which has nothing to do with any of the current international humanitarian unions and organizations, including the United Nations, and operates in accordance with â€Å"the norms and principles of the Rome Statute† (ICC 2010). ... the ICC, it is one of the most successful legal courts ever created by humanity – it helps to reach and further maintains â€Å"international consensus on the most problematic definitions of war crimes, genocides, and other crimes against humanity† (ICC 2010). There is an emerging consensus that impunity in the modern society contradicts the basic principles of humanitarian activity and is simply unacceptable (ICC 2010). Following the end of the civil conflicts in Yugoslavia and Rwanda, the International Criminal Tribunal tried but failed to achieve the purpose of global justice; and it was not before 1998 that a new international court was created to support the humanity in its movement toward stability and peace. The ICC is a complex institutional body, which comprises Presidency, Judicial divisions, Office of the Prosecutor, Registry, and other offices (ICC 2010). â€Å"Although the ICC has never been a part or member of the United Nations organization, it maintains productive cooperative ties with the UN† (ICC 2010). Three Judges make up the court’s Presidency, which is primarily responsible for managing, administering, and monitoring all Court’s operations, â€Å"with the exception of the Prosecutor† (ICC 2010). â€Å"The Presidency is elected by other, fellow judges, for a three years’ term† (ICC 2010). The ICC’s current President is Sang-Huyn Song, whereas Judges Fatoumata Dembele Diarra and Hans-Peter Kaul are the first and second vice-presidents, accordingly (ICC 2010). The Court consists of the Pre-Trial, Trial, and Appeals divisions, with eighteen judges in them (ICC 2010). Each division has six judges, which are responsible for proceedings at different stages of the criminal prosecution process (ICC 2010). In its turn, the Office of the Prosecutor’s